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Orientation Selective Ganglion Cell - Revision history
2024-03-29T08:47:53Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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Nkem test: Marked this version for translation
2015-11-17T16:11:28Z
<p>Marked this version for translation</p>
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Nkem test
https://wiki.eyewire.org/index.php?title=Orientation_Selective_Ganglion_Cell&diff=8544&oldid=prev
Nkem test at 16:09, 17 November 2015
2015-11-17T16:09:03Z
<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><translate></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:cell7.png|thumb|right|320px|An OSGC reconstructed from EyeWire]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:cell7.png|thumb|right|320px|An OSGC reconstructed from EyeWire]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Orientation Selective Ganglion Cells''' (OSGCs) are [[Ganglion Cell|ganglion cells]] that respond to the alignment orientation of stimuli as opposed to the direction of movement of the stimuli. The [[Cell Body|cell bodies]] of orientation selective ganglion cells are located on the vitreal side of the inner plexiform layer of the retina, however, displaced cell bodies of ganglion cells can occasionally be found in the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer.  The majority of orientation selective ganglion cells are located in the [[Visual Streak|visual streak]] region of the retina.  Orientation selective ganglion cells are categorized into ON-center and OFF-center cells.  It has been observed that OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells are more prevalent than ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells in the visual streak of the retina.<ref name="Levick"></ref><ref name="Venkataramani"></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Orientation Selective Ganglion Cells''' (OSGCs) are [[Ganglion Cell|ganglion cells]] that respond to the alignment orientation of stimuli as opposed to the direction of movement of the stimuli. The [[Cell Body|cell bodies]] of orientation selective ganglion cells are located on the vitreal side of the inner plexiform layer of the retina, however, displaced cell bodies of ganglion cells can occasionally be found in the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer.  The majority of orientation selective ganglion cells are located in the [[Visual Streak|visual streak]] region of the retina.  Orientation selective ganglion cells are categorized into ON-center and OFF-center cells.  It has been observed that OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells are more prevalent than ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells in the visual streak of the retina.<ref name="Levick"></ref><ref name="Venkataramani"></ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
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Nkem test
https://wiki.eyewire.org/index.php?title=Orientation_Selective_Ganglion_Cell&diff=2894&oldid=prev
DannyS at 20:07, 18 July 2014
2014-07-18T20:07:42Z
<p></p>
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DannyS
https://wiki.eyewire.org/index.php?title=Orientation_Selective_Ganglion_Cell&diff=2589&oldid=prev
DannyS at 17:02, 17 June 2014
2014-06-17T17:02:40Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:02, 17 June 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cell6</del>.png|thumb|right|320px|An OSGC reconstructed from EyeWire]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cell7</ins>.png|thumb|right|320px|An OSGC reconstructed from EyeWire]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Orientation Selective Ganglion Cells''' (OSGCs) are ganglion cells that respond to the alignment orientation of stimuli as opposed to the direction of movement of the stimuli.  The cell-bodies of orientation selective ganglion cells are located on the vitreal side of the inner plexiform layer of the retina, however, displaced cell-bodies of ganglion cells can occasionally be found in the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer.  The majority of orientation selective ganglion cells are located in the visual streak region of the retina.  Orientation selective ganglion cells are categorized into ON-center and OFF-center cells.  It has been observed that OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells are more prevalent than ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells in the visual streak of the retina.<ref name="Levick"></ref><ref name="Venkataramani"></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Orientation Selective Ganglion Cells''' (OSGCs) are ganglion cells that respond to the alignment orientation of stimuli as opposed to the direction of movement of the stimuli.  The cell-bodies of orientation selective ganglion cells are located on the vitreal side of the inner plexiform layer of the retina, however, displaced cell-bodies of ganglion cells can occasionally be found in the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer.  The majority of orientation selective ganglion cells are located in the visual streak region of the retina.  Orientation selective ganglion cells are categorized into ON-center and OFF-center cells.  It has been observed that OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells are more prevalent than ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells in the visual streak of the retina.<ref name="Levick"></ref><ref name="Venkataramani"></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Physiology ==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Physiology ==  </div></td></tr>
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DannyS
https://wiki.eyewire.org/index.php?title=Orientation_Selective_Ganglion_Cell&diff=2580&oldid=prev
DannyS at 15:03, 17 June 2014
2014-06-17T15:03:39Z
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:03, 17 June 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L112" >Line 112:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2. Marc RE (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-0/abstract</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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DannyS
https://wiki.eyewire.org/index.php?title=Orientation_Selective_Ganglion_Cell&diff=2579&oldid=prev
DannyS at 15:03, 17 June 2014
2014-06-17T15:03:24Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:03, 17 June 2014</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AMPA and NMDA receptors have been found to play a significant role in signal integration in ganglion cells found in rabbit retinas <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Marc<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,  </del>1999). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>AGB cation was used to evaluate the differences in permeability of the different ganglion cells types when kainate, AMPA, and NMDA receptors were activated.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AMPA and NMDA receptors have been found to play a significant role in signal integration in ganglion cells found in rabbit retinas<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.<ref name="Marc2"></ins>Marc <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">RE (</ins>1999) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CO;2-0/abstract</ref> </ins>AGB cation was used to evaluate the differences in permeability of the different ganglion cells types when kainate, AMPA, and NMDA receptors were activated.   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that different types of ganglion cell types respond differently to glutamate release from bipolar cells, and it is hypothesized that it may be a result of the responsivity of the different types of AMPA receptors in the ganglion cells and also the presence of GluR2 subunits.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that different types of ganglion cell types respond differently to glutamate release from bipolar cells, and it is hypothesized that it may be a result of the responsivity of the different types of AMPA receptors in the ganglion cells and also the presence of GluR2 subunits.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Marc RE (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-0/abstract<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Marc RE (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-0/abstract</div></td></tr>
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DannyS
https://wiki.eyewire.org/index.php?title=Orientation_Selective_Ganglion_Cell&diff=2578&oldid=prev
DannyS at 14:59, 17 June 2014
2014-06-17T14:59:54Z
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:59, 17 June 2014</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Among the types of ganglion cells present in the ganglion cell layer, orientation selective ganglion cells have relatively small cell-bodies<ref name="Amthor1"></ref> and have an "elongated" and "polygonal" shape <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Marc, 2002).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Among the types of ganglion cells present in the ganglion cell layer, orientation selective ganglion cells have relatively small cell-bodies<ref name="Amthor1"></ref> and have an "elongated" and "polygonal" shape <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Marc1"></ins>Marc <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">RE</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Jones BW (</ins>2002) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Molecular phenotyping of retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci, Jan 15;22(2):413-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784786</ref></ins>.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:arbors2.png|thumb|400px|ON-center orientation selective ganglion cell to the left.  OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cell to the right. <ref name="Amthor1">Amthor FR, Takahashi ES, Oyster CW (1989) Morphologies of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with concentric receptive fields. Journal of Comparative Neurology 280:72-96. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.902800107/abstract]</ref>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:arbors2.png|thumb|400px|ON-center orientation selective ganglion cell to the left.  OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cell to the right. <ref name="Amthor1">Amthor FR, Takahashi ES, Oyster CW (1989) Morphologies of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with concentric receptive fields. Journal of Comparative Neurology 280:72-96. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.902800107/abstract]</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L83" >Line 83:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 83:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that different types of ganglion cell types respond differently to glutamate release from bipolar cells, and it is hypothesized that it may be a result of the responsivity of the different types of AMPA receptors in the ganglion cells and also the presence of GluR2 subunits.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that different types of ganglion cell types respond differently to glutamate release from bipolar cells, and it is hypothesized that it may be a result of the responsivity of the different types of AMPA receptors in the ganglion cells and also the presence of GluR2 subunits.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The size of the cell and the concentration of GABA in the cell are thought to be unrelated to the responsivity of the AMPA receptors.  The responsitivity of AMPA receptors in orientation selective ganglion cells is relatively high.  Higher responsivity of these AMPA receptors means that signal integration time is lower for orientation selective ganglion cells <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The size of the cell and the concentration of GABA in the cell are thought to be unrelated to the responsivity of the AMPA receptors.  The responsitivity of AMPA receptors in orientation selective ganglion cells is relatively high.  Higher responsivity of these AMPA receptors means that signal integration time is lower for orientation selective ganglion cells.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Marc1"></ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Molecules ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Molecules ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L92" >Line 92:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 92:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Compared to the other types of ganglion cells that have been identified, orientation selective ganglion cells have a relativity high GABA concentration.  The neurotransmitter glutamate has also been found to be used for neural transmission by these ganglion cells, which is what differentiates these ganglion cells from amacrine cells.  The molecules aspartate and glutamine have also been found to be present in orientation selective ganglion cells.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Compared to the other types of ganglion cells that have been identified, orientation selective ganglion cells have a relativity high GABA concentration.  The neurotransmitter glutamate has also been found to be used for neural transmission by these ganglion cells, which is what differentiates these ganglion cells from amacrine cells.  The molecules aspartate and glutamine have also been found to be present in orientation selective ganglion cells.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Orientation selective ganglion cells may synthesize the neurotransmitter GABA and have been found to have GABA concentrations that are very similar to those found in amacrine cells.  GABA from amacrine cells may enter these ganglion cells through channels present at gap junctions.  The molecule glycine is also thought to pass through these channels from amacrine to ganglion cells <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Orientation selective ganglion cells may synthesize the neurotransmitter GABA and have been found to have GABA concentrations that are very similar to those found in amacrine cells.  GABA from amacrine cells may enter these ganglion cells through channels present at gap junctions.  The molecule glycine is also thought to pass through these channels from amacrine to ganglion cells.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Marc1"></ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L108" >Line 108:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 108:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is thought that amacrine cells help form the orientation selectivity of OSGCs, however, the exact role of amacrine cells still remains unclear <ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>.  Many questions remain on how the synaptic mechanisms create orientation selectivity in ganglion cells <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.  A complete description of all the different types of ganglion cell types has yet to be formed and further research is needed for this to be accomplished <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is thought that amacrine cells help form the orientation selectivity of OSGCs, however, the exact role of amacrine cells still remains unclear <ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>.  Many questions remain on how the synaptic mechanisms create orientation selectivity in ganglion cells.  A complete description of all the different types of ganglion cell types has yet to be formed and further research is needed for this to be accomplished.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Marc1"></ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1. Marc RE, Jones BW (2002) Molecular phenotyping of retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci, Jan 15;22(2):413-27. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784786]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Marc RE (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-0/abstract]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Marc RE (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-0/abstract]</div></td></tr>
</table>
DannyS
https://wiki.eyewire.org/index.php?title=Orientation_Selective_Ganglion_Cell&diff=2577&oldid=prev
DannyS at 14:54, 17 June 2014
2014-06-17T14:54:53Z
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:54, 17 June 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L65" >Line 65:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells have asymmetric dendritic arbors and have a wavy appearance <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Bloomfield, 1994)</del>.  The dendrites of ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells are not elongated in a particular direction that corresponds to their preferred orientation (horizontal or vertical<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) (Bloomfield, 1994</del>).  The dendrites of ON-center orientation ganglion cells were found to extend approximately 163 micrometers along the axis of preferred orientation <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Bloomfield, 1994)</del>.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells have asymmetric dendritic arbors and have a wavy appearance.  The dendrites of ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells are not elongated in a particular direction that corresponds to their preferred orientation (horizontal or vertical).  The dendrites of ON-center orientation ganglion cells were found to extend approximately 163 micrometers along the axis of preferred orientation.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells have cell-bodies that are shaped like ellipsoids and have two main dendrites extending from either side of the cell body <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Bloomfield, 1994)</del>. The dendrites of OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells are wavy in appearance, as well, and are longer than the ON-center cell dendrites <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Bloomfield, 1994)</del>.  The dendrites of OFF-center orientation ganglion cells were found to extend approximately 283 micrometers along the axis of preferred orientation <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Bloomfield, 1994)</del>.  The dendrites of both types of orientation selective ganglion cells are bistratified <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Bloomfield<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1994)</del>.  The extent of the dendrites of orientation selective ganglion cells has been found to be closely related to the size of the receptive field centers of OSGCs <ref name="Amthor2">Amthor FR, Grzywacz NM, Merwine DK (1996) Extra-receptive-field motion facilitation in on-off directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Visual Neuroscience 13:303-309. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4618320</ref>; however a clear elongation of the dendrites along the preferred axis has not been observed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells have cell-bodies that are shaped like ellipsoids and have two main dendrites extending from either side of the cell body. The dendrites of OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells are wavy in appearance, as well, and are longer than the ON-center cell dendrites.  The dendrites of OFF-center orientation ganglion cells were found to extend approximately 283 micrometers along the axis of preferred orientation.  The dendrites of both types of orientation selective ganglion cells are bistratified<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="</ins>Bloomfield<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"></ref></ins>.  The extent of the dendrites of orientation selective ganglion cells has been found to be closely related to the size of the receptive field centers of OSGCs <ref name="Amthor2">Amthor FR, Grzywacz NM, Merwine DK (1996) Extra-receptive-field motion facilitation in on-off directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Visual Neuroscience 13:303-309. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4618320</ref>; however a clear elongation of the dendrites along the preferred axis has not been observed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The dendritic arbors of horizontal OSGCs are more densely branched than the dendritic arbors of vertical OSGCs.<ref name="Venkataramani"></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The dendritic arbors of horizontal OSGCs are more densely branched than the dendritic arbors of vertical OSGCs.<ref name="Venkataramani"></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L79" >Line 79:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 79:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AMPA and NMDA receptors have been found to play a significant role in signal integration in ganglion cells found in rabbit retinas (Marc,  1999).  AGB cation was used to evaluate the differences in permeability of the different ganglion cells types when kainate, AMPA, and NMDA receptors were activated <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AMPA and NMDA receptors have been found to play a significant role in signal integration in ganglion cells found in rabbit retinas (Marc,  1999).  AGB cation was used to evaluate the differences in permeability of the different ganglion cells types when kainate, AMPA, and NMDA receptors were activated.   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that different types of ganglion cell types respond differently to glutamate release from bipolar cells, and it is hypothesized that it may be a result of the responsivity of the different types of AMPA receptors in the ganglion cells and also the presence of GluR2 subunits <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that different types of ganglion cell types respond differently to glutamate release from bipolar cells, and it is hypothesized that it may be a result of the responsivity of the different types of AMPA receptors in the ganglion cells and also the presence of GluR2 subunits.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The size of the cell and the concentration of GABA in the cell are thought to be unrelated to the responsivity of the AMPA receptors <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.  The responsitivity of AMPA receptors in orientation selective ganglion cells is relatively high <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.  Higher responsivity of these AMPA receptors means that signal integration time is lower for orientation selective ganglion cells (Marc, 2002).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The size of the cell and the concentration of GABA in the cell are thought to be unrelated to the responsivity of the AMPA receptors.  The responsitivity of AMPA receptors in orientation selective ganglion cells is relatively high.  Higher responsivity of these AMPA receptors means that signal integration time is lower for orientation selective ganglion cells (Marc, 2002).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Molecules ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Molecules ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The neurotransmitter glycine is found in very small concentrations in ganglion cells <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc,2002)</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The neurotransmitter glycine is found in very small concentrations in ganglion cells.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Compared to the other types of ganglion cells that have been identified, orientation selective ganglion cells have a relativity high GABA concentration <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.  The neurotransmitter glutamate has also been found to be used for neural transmission by these ganglion cells, which is what differentiates these ganglion cells from amacrine cells <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.  The molecules aspartate and glutamine have also been found to be present in orientation selective ganglion cells <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Compared to the other types of ganglion cells that have been identified, orientation selective ganglion cells have a relativity high GABA concentration.  The neurotransmitter glutamate has also been found to be used for neural transmission by these ganglion cells, which is what differentiates these ganglion cells from amacrine cells.  The molecules aspartate and glutamine have also been found to be present in orientation selective ganglion cells.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Orientation selective ganglion cells may synthesize the neurotransmitter GABA and have been found to have GABA concentrations that are very similar to those found in amacrine cells <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.  GABA from amacrine cells may enter these ganglion cells through channels present at gap junctions<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Marc, 2002)</del>.  The molecule glycine is also thought to pass through these channels from amacrine to ganglion cells (Marc, 2002).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Orientation selective ganglion cells may synthesize the neurotransmitter GABA and have been found to have GABA concentrations that are very similar to those found in amacrine cells.  GABA from amacrine cells may enter these ganglion cells through channels present at gap junctions.  The molecule glycine is also thought to pass through these channels from amacrine to ganglion cells (Marc, 2002).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L99" >Line 99:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 99:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1967, Levick was the first to describe the properties of three new types of retinal ganglion cells found in the rabbit retina: orientation selective ganglion cells, local-edge detectors, and uniformity detectors.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Levick"></ref> </del>Before strips of light were oriented at different angles on the receptive fields in this study, it was thought that these ganglion cells had off-center surround concentric receptive fields.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Levick"></ref> </del>Levick described the receptive fields of orientation selective ganglion cells as either being horizontally or vertically selective and mentioned that the receptive fields had incomplete antagonistic surrounds.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Levick"></ref> </del>He proposed that the neurons in the retina process visual information and organize information before it is sent to higher centers in the brain for further processing.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Levick"></ref></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1967, Levick was the first to describe the properties of three new types of retinal ganglion cells found in the rabbit retina: orientation selective ganglion cells, local-edge detectors, and uniformity detectors. Before strips of light were oriented at different angles on the receptive fields in this study, it was thought that these ganglion cells had off-center surround concentric receptive fields. Levick described the receptive fields of orientation selective ganglion cells as either being horizontally or vertically selective and mentioned that the receptive fields had incomplete antagonistic surrounds. He proposed that the neurons in the retina process visual information and organize information before it is sent to higher centers in the brain for further processing.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this study they found that the excitatory regions of the receptive field were difficult to find.<ref name="Levick"></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this study they found that the excitatory regions of the receptive field were difficult to find.<ref name="Levick"></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L108" >Line 108:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 108:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is thought that amacrine cells help form the orientation selectivity of OSGCs, however, the exact role of amacrine cells still remains unclear <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Bloomfield<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1994)</del>.  Many questions remain on how the synaptic mechanisms create orientation selectivity in ganglion cells (Marc, 2002).  A complete description of all the different types of ganglion cell types has yet to be formed and further research is needed for this to be accomplished (Marc, 2002).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is thought that amacrine cells help form the orientation selectivity of OSGCs, however, the exact role of amacrine cells still remains unclear <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="</ins>Bloomfield<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"></ref></ins>.  Many questions remain on how the synaptic mechanisms create orientation selectivity in ganglion cells (Marc, 2002).  A complete description of all the different types of ganglion cell types has yet to be formed and further research is needed for this to be accomplished (Marc, 2002).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L116" >Line 116:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 116:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Marc RE (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-0/abstract]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Marc RE (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-0/abstract]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5. Amthor FR, Grzywacz NM, Merwine DK (1996) Extra-receptive-field motion facilitation in on-off directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Visual Neuroscience 13:303-309.[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4618320]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>
DannyS
https://wiki.eyewire.org/index.php?title=Orientation_Selective_Ganglion_Cell&diff=2576&oldid=prev
DannyS at 14:51, 17 June 2014
2014-06-17T14:51:29Z
<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:51, 17 June 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L67" >Line 67:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 67:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells have asymmetric dendritic arbors and have a wavy appearance (Bloomfield, 1994).  The dendrites of ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells are not elongated in a particular direction that corresponds to their preferred orientation (horizontal or vertical) (Bloomfield, 1994).  The dendrites of ON-center orientation ganglion cells were found to extend approximately 163 micrometers along the axis of preferred orientation (Bloomfield, 1994).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells have asymmetric dendritic arbors and have a wavy appearance (Bloomfield, 1994).  The dendrites of ON-center orientation selective ganglion cells are not elongated in a particular direction that corresponds to their preferred orientation (horizontal or vertical) (Bloomfield, 1994).  The dendrites of ON-center orientation ganglion cells were found to extend approximately 163 micrometers along the axis of preferred orientation (Bloomfield, 1994).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells have cell-bodies that are shaped like ellipsoids and have two main dendrites extending from either side of the cell body (Bloomfield, 1994). The dendrites of OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells are wavy in appearance, as well, and are longer than the ON-center cell dendrites (Bloomfield, 1994).  The dendrites of OFF-center orientation ganglion cells were found to extend approximately 283 micrometers along the axis of preferred orientation (Bloomfield, 1994).  The dendrites of both types of orientation selective ganglion cells are bistratified (Bloomfield, 1994).  The extent of the dendrites of orientation selective ganglion cells has been found to be closely related to the size of the receptive field centers of OSGCs <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Amthor, 1996); however a clear elongation of the dendrites along the preferred axis has not been observed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells have cell-bodies that are shaped like ellipsoids and have two main dendrites extending from either side of the cell body (Bloomfield, 1994). The dendrites of OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cells are wavy in appearance, as well, and are longer than the ON-center cell dendrites (Bloomfield, 1994).  The dendrites of OFF-center orientation ganglion cells were found to extend approximately 283 micrometers along the axis of preferred orientation (Bloomfield, 1994).  The dendrites of both types of orientation selective ganglion cells are bistratified (Bloomfield, 1994).  The extent of the dendrites of orientation selective ganglion cells has been found to be closely related to the size of the receptive field centers of OSGCs <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Amthor2"></ins>Amthor <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FR</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Grzywacz NM, Merwine DK (</ins>1996) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Extra-receptive-field motion facilitation in on-off directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Visual Neuroscience 13:303-309. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4618320</ref></ins>; however a clear elongation of the dendrites along the preferred axis has not been observed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The dendritic arbors of horizontal OSGCs are more densely branched than the dendritic arbors of vertical OSGCs.<ref name="Venkataramani"></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The dendritic arbors of horizontal OSGCs are more densely branched than the dendritic arbors of vertical OSGCs.<ref name="Venkataramani"></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L117" >Line 117:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 117:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Marc RE (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-0/abstract]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Marc RE (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J Comp Neurol, 407(1):47-64. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990428)407:1%3C47::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-0/abstract]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. Amthor FR, Grzywacz NM, Merwine DK (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1999</del>) Extra-receptive-field motion facilitation in on-off directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Visual Neuroscience 13:303-309.[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4618320]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. Amthor FR, Grzywacz NM, Merwine DK (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1996</ins>) Extra-receptive-field motion facilitation in on-off directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Visual Neuroscience 13:303-309.[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4618320]</div></td></tr>
</table>
DannyS
https://wiki.eyewire.org/index.php?title=Orientation_Selective_Ganglion_Cell&diff=2575&oldid=prev
DannyS at 14:49, 17 June 2014
2014-06-17T14:49:31Z
<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:49, 17 June 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L56" >Line 56:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 56:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Among the types of ganglion cells present in the ganglion cell layer, orientation selective ganglion cells have relatively small cell-bodies <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Amthor, 1989) </del>and have an "elongated" and "polygonal" shape (Marc, 2002).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Among the types of ganglion cells present in the ganglion cell layer, orientation selective ganglion cells have relatively small cell-bodies<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Amthor1"></ref> </ins>and have an "elongated" and "polygonal" shape (Marc, 2002).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:arbors2.png|thumb|400px|ON-center orientation selective ganglion cell to the left.  OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cell to the right. <ref name="Amthor1">Amthor FR, Takahashi ES, Oyster CW (1989) Morphologies of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with concentric receptive fields. Journal of Comparative Neurology 280:72-96. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.902800107/abstract]</ref>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:arbors2.png|thumb|400px|ON-center orientation selective ganglion cell to the left.  OFF-center orientation selective ganglion cell to the right. <ref name="Amthor1">Amthor FR, Takahashi ES, Oyster CW (1989) Morphologies of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with concentric receptive fields. Journal of Comparative Neurology 280:72-96. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.902800107/abstract]</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
</table>
DannyS