Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs)

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Type

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC)

Subtypes

M1 - M5

Seung Classificaton

  • m1sw (M1s)
  • m8w (M2s)
m1sw cells (M1 ipRGCs) from CellMuseum
m8w cells (M2 ipRGCs) from CellMuseum

Other Classifications

  • ON melanopsin (M2): Cdh3 (Sumbul et al., 2014), 6 (Coombs et al., 2006), C3 (Sun et al., 2002)
  • ON-OFF melanopsin (M3): G12 (Volgyi et al., 2009)

Genetic Marker/Gene Expression

Description

Rods and cones, the two traditional photoreceptors in the retina that allow us to see, were long considered to be the only cells in the mammalian eye that possessed direct photosensitivity. However, a novel type of photoreceptor that differs greatly from these two in both form and function was discovered just over a decade ago. These cells express the photopigment melanopsin (as opposed to rhodopsin of rods and cone opsins of cones). Interestingly, these cells are retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), allowing them to have direct communication with visually sensitive areas of the brain. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) encode ambient light levels (irradiance) rather than image-related information, and are best known for their roles in synchronizing circadian rhythms with night and day, and light-mediated pupil constriction. They provide input not only to circadian and pupillary centers, but also to a number of other retinorecipient regions of the brain. Making up <5% of the total number of RGCs in the reitna, ipRGCs are a remarkably rare subpopulation of RGCs. Although they were initially thought to be composed of only one type, recent morphological and functional studies indicate that there are in fact several distinct subtypes of ipRGCs, termed M1 through M5.

M1-M5 ipRGC stratification and axonal projections adapted from Schmidt et al., 2011

Morphology

Physiology

Morphological and physiological properties of ipRGC subtypes from Schmidt et al., 2011

Axonal Projections

Behavioral Output

References

Berson, D.M. (2003). Strange vision: ganglion cells as circadian photoreceptors. Trends Neurosci. 26, 314–320.

Berson, D.M., Dunn, F.A., and Takao, M. (2002). Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 295, 1070–1073.

Ecker, J.L., Dumitrescu, O.N., Wong, K.Y., Alam, N.M., Chen, S.-K., LeGates, T., Renna, J.M., Prusky, G.T., Berson, D.M., and Hattar, S. (2010). Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion-cell photoreceptors: cellular diversity and role in pattern vision. Neuron 67, 49-60.

Estevez, M.E., Fogerson, P.M., Ilardi, M.C., Borghuis, B.G., Chan, E., Weng, S., Auferkorte, O.N., Demb, J.B., and Berson, D.M. (2012). Form and function of the M4 cell, an intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell type contributing to geniculocortical vision. J Neurosci 32, 13608–13620.

Hattar, S., Liao, H.W., Takao, M., Berson, D.M., and Yau, K.W. (2002). Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 295, 1065–1070.

Lucas, R.J., Hattar, S., Takao, M., Berson, D.M., Foster, R.G., and Yau, K.W. (2003). Diminished pupillary light reflex at high irradiances in melanopsin-knockout mice. Science 299, 245–247.

Matynia, A., Parikh, S., Chen, B., Kim, P., McNeill, D.S., Nusinowitz, S., Evans, C., and Gorin, M.B. (2012). Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells are the primary but not exclusive circuit for light aversion. Exp. Eye Res. 105, 60–69.

La Morgia, C., Ross-Cisneros, F.N., Hannibal, J., Montagna, P., Sadun, A.A., and Carelli, V. (2011). Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells: implications for human diseases. Vision Res. 51, 296–302.

Panda, S., Sato, T.K., Castrucci, A.M., Rollag, M.D., DeGrip, W.J., Hogenesch, J.B., Provencio, I., and Kay, S.A. (2002). Melanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting. Science 298, 2213–2216.

Provencio I, Rodriguez IR. et al. A novel human opsin in the inner retina. J Neurosci. 2000;20(2):600–5.

Schmidt, T.M., and Kofuji, P. (2011). Structure and Function of Bistratified Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in the Mouse. J Comp Neurol 519, 1492–1504.