Difference between revisions of "CB2-RGC"

From Eyewire
Jump to: navigation, search
(Equivalent Classifications)
Line 4: Line 4:
  
 
==Equivalent Classifications==
 
==Equivalent Classifications==
* 4on: [CellMuseum| http://museum.eyewire.org/set/0/1/38| target='_blank']
+
* 4on: [CellMuseum|http://museum.eyewire.org/set/0/1/38|target='_blank']
 
* Transient OFF-alpha
 
* Transient OFF-alpha
 
[Like this|http://google.com|target='_blank']
 
[Like this|http://google.com|target='_blank']

Revision as of 19:00, 28 September 2015

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Four CB2-RGCs filled with DiI in CB2-GFP mouse. Scale = 50um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008

Retinal ganglion cells that express calretinin, or 29 kDa calbindin, are known as CB2-GRCs. They are a type of transient OFF-alpha RGCs (tOFF-alphaRGC). Like all alpha cells, these RGCs are immunoreactive with SMI-32, an antibody that recognizes an antigen rich in alpha RGC neurofilaments. They possess large, spherical somas, and monostratify within the OFF sublamina of the inner nuclear layer (IPL). Typical of cells that exhibit transient OFF-type physiological responses, they depolarize and spike briefly at the offset of a flash (Huberman et al., 2008). Their axons project exclusively to the superior colliculus (SC) and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN).

Equivalent Classifications

[Like this|http://google.com%7Ctarget='_blank']

Molecular Definition

These retinal ganglion cells are defined by their expression of calretinin (28 kDa calbindin). They can be visualized in calretinin-EGFP BAC transgenic mice (CB2-GFP mice), in which GFP is expressed under the calbindin 2 promoter (GENSAT). Although CB2-RGCs are the only cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) that express GFP in this mouse, it is also expressed by a group of amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL).

GFP positive cells in whole mount CB2-GFP mouse retina. A. whole mount retina. Scale = 500um B. GFP positive cells. C. Alpha RGCs are immunpositive to SMI-32 cells. D. GFP positive cells are all SMI-32 positive. CB2-RGCs appear to be alpha type RGCs. scale = 125um. E. GFP positive cells in the GCL (CB2-RGCs) and INL (amacrine cells). Scale = 100um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008

Physiology

CB2-RGCs exhibit physiological properties of transient OFF-type responses. The cells depolarize and spike at the offset of a flashing visual stimulus. (Huberman et al., 2008). Additionally, when presented with a randomly flickering visual stimulus, they show a biphasic temporal response (two distinct responses separated by time) that peaks at 105-121 ms relative to the visual stimulus (Huberman et al., 2008).

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Physiological responses of CB2-RGCs to visual stimuli. A. Membrane potential response shows spike at offset of flash. B. Average subthreshold flash response of seven cells (gray), and average flash response of two example cells (blue, red). Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008

Anatomy

Dendritic Morphology

CB2-RGCs have relatively large (20-25um) and spherical cell bodies, and their dendrites stratify at the inner 30-35% depth of the IPL within the OFF sublamina (Huberman et al., 2008). They display a nonrandom mosaic across the entire retina, their cell bodies keeping a distance of 100um away from each other (Huberman et al., 2008).

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
CB2-RGCs show a nonrandom, regularly spaced mosaic. F. Density profile of CB2-RGCs in relation to each of their distances from other CB2-RGCs. Their G. CB2-RGCs filled with DiI to elucidate dendritic morphology and overlap with each other. Scale = 75um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008

Retinal Input

The exact cell types that CB2-RGCs receive input from are still unknown. However, we can infer that they have the same basic connectivity as all transient OFF-alpha type cells. Transient OFF-alpha RGCs are mediated by a transient cation current from S cone-driven bipolar cells, with additional modulation by amacrine cells with mixed rod and cone inputs (Pang et al., 2003).

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Schematic showing circuitry of alpha RGCs in mouse retina. S-pigment dominated cones send inputs to M-cone-dominated hyperpolarizing bipolar cell, which in turn sends its signals to transient alpha RGC. This signal is mediated by amacrine cells with mixed rod-cone inputs. Image adapted from Pang et al., 2003

Central Projections

CB2-RGCs send their axons to the contralateral superior colliculus (SC) and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). They terminate within these areas in a highly specific manner. In the SC, their axons terminate in the lower stratum griseum superficialis (lSGS), the more ventral of two layers in the SGS. Interestingly, their axons terminate in evenly spaced patches within the lSGS, forming columns of innervated and non-innervated areas (Huberman et al., 2008). This is most likely due to the fact that the projections to the SC are organized into columns of left and right-eye inputs (May, 2005, Huberman et al., 2008). In the dLGN, axons terminate within the medial dLGN (Huberman et al., 2008).

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Axonal projections of CB2-RGCs to SC. A. Ctb-594 labeling (red) of all RGC axons. B. GFP positive CB2-RGCs (green). C. Merge of both Ctb and GFP. CB2-RGC projections are organized in a highly specific manner. They project exclusively to the lower SGS of the SC, and organize in columnar fashion. Scale = 250um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008
Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Axonal projections of CB2-RGCs to dLGN. E. Ctb-594 labeling (red) of all RGC axons. F. GFP positive CB2-RGCs (green). Asterisks mark where axons project through the lateral third of the dLGN to terminate in inner dLGN. G. Merge of both Ctb and GFP positive cells. Scale = 250um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008

Development

The development of laminar and columnar specificity of CB2-RGC retinocollucular projections occurs between postnatal day 4 (P4) and P10 of postnatal mice (Huberman et al., 2008). Although rudimentary columns are present at P4, there is no laminar specificity; their axons innervate the entire extent of the retinorecipient SC. However, by P10, laminar and columnar organization are similar to that of the adult mouse. It was found that cholinergic retinal waves between P4-P10 mediate columnar specificity of CB2-RGCs, but are not imperative for laminar specificity (Huberman et al., 2008).

Developmental differences of CB2-RGC projections to SC in P4 and P10 mice. B. CB2-RGC projections in P4 mouse show beginnings of laminar and columnar structure, but are relatively nonspecific. E. CB2-RGC projections in P10 mouse exhibit laminar and columnar structure similar to that of the adult mouse. Scale = 250um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008

History

The use of the CB2-GFP mouse enabled central projections for a RGC type with a complete mosaic to be mapped for the first time. This cell type was discovered by Huberman et al. in 2008.

References

Huberman AD, Manu M, Koch SM, Susman MW, Lutz AB, Ulian EM, Baccus SA, Barres BA (2008). Architecture and activity-mediated refinement of axonal projections from a mosaic of genetically identified retinal ganglion Cells Neuron 59, 352-353. PubMed Free Full Text

Pang JJ, Gao F, Wu SM (2003). Light-evoked excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to ON and OFF alpha ganglion cells in the mouse retina. J Neurosci 23, 6063-6073. PubMed Free Full Text