Difference between revisions of "BC2"

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'''Bipolar Cell Type 2 (BC2)''' are one of five OFF bipolar cells in the retina. They stratify in the OFF sublamina in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). BC2s are in contact with at least one or two cone pedicles, and They can be distinguished from other bipolar cells with their expression of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoverin recoverin] and a type II [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin cadherin], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDH8 cdh8] (Havercamp et al., 2003, Duan et al., 2014).
 
 
 
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==Molecular Definition== <!--T:1-->
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'''Bipolar Cell Type 2 (BC2)''' are one of five OFF bipolar cells in the retina. They stratify in the OFF sublamina in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). BC2s are in contact with at least one or two cone pedicles, and They can be distinguished from other bipolar cells with their expression of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoverin recoverin] and a type II [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin cadherin], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDH8 cdh8] (Havercamp et al., 2003, Duan et al., 2014). See BC2 reconstructions in the [http://museum.eyewire.org/set/0/2/51 CellMuseum].
  
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==Molecular Definition==
There are several markers and transgenes that can be used to label BC2s, although not all of them are selective.
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There are several markers and transgenes that can be used to label BC2s, although not all of them are selective. Both BC1s and BC2s are immunoreactive for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3 Neurokinin-3 receptor] (NK3R) (Havercamp et al., 2003). Bipolar cells in sublamina 1 and 2 of the IPL express a synaptic vesicle associated protein called synaptotagmin 2 (Syt 2), including BC2s (Fox and Sanes, 2007, Wassle et al., 2009). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoverin Recoverin], a neuronal calcium binding protein, is selectively expressed by BC2s (Havercamp et al., 2003). Recently, it was found that a type II cadherin, cdh8, is also selectively expressed in BC2s (Duan et al., 2014). The transgenic mouse, Clm12, one of the mouse lines that express Clomeleon under the control of the thy-1 promoter, is known to label BC2s and BC6s (Wassle et al., 2009).
[[File:Cb2gfp_huberman2008.PNG|thumb|right|400px|GFP positive cells in whole mount CB2-GFP mouse retina. A. whole mount retina. Scale = 500um B. GFP positive cells. C. Alpha RGCs are immunpositive to SMI-32 cells. D. GFP positive cells are all SMI-32 positive. CB2-RGCs appear to be alpha type RGCs. scale = 125um. E. GFP positive cells in the GCL (CB2-RGCs) and INL (amacrine cells). Scale = 100um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008]]
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==Physiology==
 
==Physiology==
  
 
[[File:Cb2physio_huberman2008.PNG|thumb|500px|none|Physiological responses of CB2-RGCs to visual stimuli. A. Membrane potential response shows spike at offset of flash. B. Average subthreshold flash response of seven cells (gray), and average flash response of two example cells (blue, red). Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2
 
 
==Anatomy==
 
==Anatomy==
  
 
===Dendritic Morphology===
 
===Dendritic Morphology===
 
[[File:Cb2mosaic_huberman2008.PNG|thumb|500px|none|CB2-RGCs show a nonrandom, regularly spaced mosaic. F. Density profile of CB2-RGCs in relation to each of their distances from other CB2-RGCs. Their G. CB2-RGCs filled with DiI to elucidate dendritic morphology and overlap with each other. Scale = 75um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008]]
 
  
 
===Retinal Input===
 
===Retinal Input===
 
[[File:Alpha_pang2003.PNG|thumb|500px|right|Schematic showing circuitry of alpha RGCs in mouse retina. S-pigment dominated cones send inputs to M-cone-dominated hyperpolarizing bipolar cell, which in turn sends its signals to transient alpha RGC. This signal is mediated by amacrine cells with mixed rod-cone inputs. Image adapted from Pang et al., 2003]]
 
  
 
===Central Projections===
 
===Central Projections===
  
[[File:Cb2sc_huberman2008.PNG|thumb|500px|none|Axonal projections of CB2-RGCs to SC. A. Ctb-594 labeling (red) of all RGC axons. B. GFP positive CB2-RGCs (green). C. Merge of both Ctb and GFP. CB2-RGC projections are organized in a highly specific manner. They project exclusively to the lower SGS of the SC, and organize in columnar fashion. Scale = 250um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008]]
 
[[File:Cb2dlgn_huberman2008.PNG|thumb|500px|none|Axonal projections of CB2-RGCs to dLGN. E. Ctb-594 labeling (red) of all RGC axons. F. GFP positive CB2-RGCs (green). Asterisks mark where axons project through the lateral third of the dLGN to terminate in inner dLGN. G. Merge of both Ctb and GFP positive cells. Scale = 250um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008]]
 
  
 
==Development==
 
==Development==
  
[[File:Cb2development_huberman2008.PNG|thumb|right|400px|Developmental differences of CB2-RGC projections to SC in P4 and P10 mice. B. CB2-RGC projections in P4 mouse show beginnings of laminar and columnar structure, but are relatively nonspecific. E. CB2-RGC projections in P10 mouse exhibit laminar and columnar structure similar to that of the adult mouse. Scale = 250um. Image adapted from Huberman et al., 2008]]
 
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
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==References==
 
==References==
  
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Duan X, Krishnaswamy A, De la Huerta I, Sanes JR (2014). Type II cadherins guide assembly of a direction-selective retinal circuit. Cell 158, 793-807. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25126785 PubMed][http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867414008745 Free Full Text]
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Fox MA, Sanes JR (2007). Synaptotagmin I and II are present in distinct subsets of central synapses. J Comp Neurol 503, 280-296. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17492637 PubMed]
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Havercamp S, Ghosh KK, Hirano AA, Wassle H (2003). Immunocytochemical description of five bipolar cell types of the mouse reitna. J Comp Neurol 455, 463-476. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12508320 PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834891/ Free PMC Article]
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Wassle H, Puller Christian, Muller F, Haverkamp S (2009). Cone contacts, mosaics, and territories of bipolar cells in the mouse retina. J Neurosci 29, 106-117. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19129389 PubMed] [http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/1/106.long Free Full Text]
  
 
{{Retinal Neuron Types}}
 
{{Retinal Neuron Types}}
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[[Category:Retinal Neuron Types]]

Latest revision as of 04:06, 20 July 2019

Bipolar Cell Type 2 (BC2) are one of five OFF bipolar cells in the retina. They stratify in the OFF sublamina in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). BC2s are in contact with at least one or two cone pedicles, and They can be distinguished from other bipolar cells with their expression of recoverin and a type II cadherin, cdh8 (Havercamp et al., 2003, Duan et al., 2014). See BC2 reconstructions in the CellMuseum.

Molecular Definition

There are several markers and transgenes that can be used to label BC2s, although not all of them are selective. Both BC1s and BC2s are immunoreactive for Neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) (Havercamp et al., 2003). Bipolar cells in sublamina 1 and 2 of the IPL express a synaptic vesicle associated protein called synaptotagmin 2 (Syt 2), including BC2s (Fox and Sanes, 2007, Wassle et al., 2009). Recoverin, a neuronal calcium binding protein, is selectively expressed by BC2s (Havercamp et al., 2003). Recently, it was found that a type II cadherin, cdh8, is also selectively expressed in BC2s (Duan et al., 2014). The transgenic mouse, Clm12, one of the mouse lines that express Clomeleon under the control of the thy-1 promoter, is known to label BC2s and BC6s (Wassle et al., 2009).

Physiology

Anatomy

Dendritic Morphology

Retinal Input

Central Projections

Development

History

References

Duan X, Krishnaswamy A, De la Huerta I, Sanes JR (2014). Type II cadherins guide assembly of a direction-selective retinal circuit. Cell 158, 793-807. PubMedFree Full Text

Fox MA, Sanes JR (2007). Synaptotagmin I and II are present in distinct subsets of central synapses. J Comp Neurol 503, 280-296. PubMed

Havercamp S, Ghosh KK, Hirano AA, Wassle H (2003). Immunocytochemical description of five bipolar cell types of the mouse reitna. J Comp Neurol 455, 463-476. PubMed Free PMC Article

Wassle H, Puller Christian, Muller F, Haverkamp S (2009). Cone contacts, mosaics, and territories of bipolar cells in the mouse retina. J Neurosci 29, 106-117. PubMed Free Full Text